Fiber optic technology is revolutionizing the field of remote sensing, offering unprecedented capabilities for data collection and transmission. At its core, fiber optics leverage the principle of transmitting light through thin strands of glass or plastic fibers. The UK's National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand (MSL) are collaborating on utilizing the 3,876-kilometer (2,408-mile) "Southern Cross NEXT" submarine cable traversing the Tasman Sea between New Zealand and Australia. Depending on the interrogation system, a spatial resolution of less than a millimeter can be. Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, State Key. Afterwards, the most representative remote fiber-optic sensor systems are briefly explained, discussing their schemes, challenges, pros and cons. Keywords: Raman amplification. The integration of high-speed optical communication and distributed sensing could bring intelligent functionalities to ubiquitous optical fibre networks, such as urban structure imaging, ocean seismic detection, and safety monitoring of underground embedded pipelines.
